preabsorption  (Alomone Labs)

Journal: Molecular Brain

Article Title: Gabapentin reduces CX3CL1 signaling and blocks spinal microglial activation in monoarthritic rats

doi: 10.1186/1756-6606-5-18

Figure Lengend Snippet: Expression of CX3CL1 and its receptor CX3CR1 in the lumbar spinal cord. A , Double immunofluorescence staining shows that CX3CL1 is colocalized with the neuronal marker NeuN and VGCC α2/δ-1 subunits in all of the layers of the spinal dorsal horn. B , The western blot shows an increase in the level of CX3CL1 in the ipsilateral lumbar spinal dorsal horn at 4 hrs and 4 days after MA. C , Western blot analysis reveals that repeated Gab treatment significantly suppresses MA-induced upregulation of CX3CL1 in the lumbar spinal dorsal horn. D , Double immunofluorescence staining shows that CX3CR1 is colocalized with the microglial marker OX-42, but not the astrocytic marker GFAP. E , Western blot analysis reveals that repeated Gab treatment partially inhibits MA-induced upregulation of CX3CR1 in the lumbar spinal dorsal horn. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01 vs. control (sham MA or naïve); ++ P < 0.01 vs. MA.

Article Snippet: The specificity of the primary antibodies was verified by the preabsorption experiment (control peptide for CX3CL1 from Acris Antibodies; for CX3CR1 from Abcampare and Santa Cruz; for α2/δ-1 from LifeSpan).

Techniques: Expressing, Double Immunofluorescence Staining, Marker, Western Blot

Journal: Molecular Brain

Article Title: Gabapentin reduces CX3CL1 signaling and blocks spinal microglial activation in monoarthritic rats

doi: 10.1186/1756-6606-5-18

Figure Lengend Snippet: A schematic illustration of spinal glial activation in monoarthritic pain. Joint inflammation may increase the release of nociceptive transmitters and modulators (such as EAAs, SP, ATP and CX3CL1) in the spinal dorsal horn from the primary afferent terminals ipsilateral to the inflammed joint . These events can initiate early focal microglial activation in ipsilateral spinal cord (within 4 hrs after MA). Activated microglia release several proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines that may spread to contralateral spinal cord, leading to the contralateral spinal microglial and astrocytic activation . Once the glia are activated, they release several glial products including proinflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor-α, and inflammatory mediators. This leads to an exaggerated release of neurotransmitters from presynaptic neurons, sensitization of the post-synaptic membrane, activation of neighboring astrocytes, and enhancement of the microglial propagation of neuromediators . Such positive feedback loops sustain the perseverant release of pain mediators, facilitating the development of neuronal hypersensitivity, leading to exaggerated pain (such as thermal hyperalgesia) . Gabapentin might diminish the release of “pain” neurotransmitters/neuromodulators (such as CX3CL1) and activation of microglia in the spinal cord by modulating VGCC α2/δ-1 subunits, leading to a reduction in thermal hyperalgesia.

Article Snippet: The specificity of the primary antibodies was verified by the preabsorption experiment (control peptide for CX3CL1 from Acris Antibodies; for CX3CR1 from Abcampare and Santa Cruz; for α2/δ-1 from LifeSpan).

Techniques: Activation Assay

Journal: Neoplasia (New York, N.Y.)

Article Title: CDC25A protein stability represents a previously unrecognized target of HER2 signaling in human breast cancer: implication for a potential clinical relevance in trastuzumab treatment.

doi: 10.1593/neo.122054

Figure Lengend Snippet: Figure 1. (A) CDC25A (144) sc-97 antibody (Santa Cruz Biotechnology) validation on the breast cancer cell line MCF-7. Immunofluorescence with CDC25A antibody in the MCF-7 breast cancer cell line transfected with either pCMV-AC–CDC25A–GFP or pCMV-AC–GFP: The antibody detected a strong CDC25A expression in the CDC25A-GFP–transfected MCF-7 cells compared to the pCMV-AC–GFP–transfected MCF-7 cells. DAPI counterstaining underlined the nuclear localization of CDC25A (red signal, CDC25A; green signal, GFP; blue signal, DAPI; yellow signal, merge). (B) CDC25A (144) sc-97 antibody IHC validation on FFPE breast cancer tissue samples. CDC25A nuclear localization was detected by IHC on FFPE breast cancer tissue sample (left); CDC25A antibody preabsorption testing using the antigenic peptide (CDC25A 144 P sc-97P; Santa Cruz Biotechnology) showed a complete block in the immunoreactivity (right).

Article Snippet: CDC25A antibody preabsorption testing using the antigenic peptide (CDC25A 144 P sc-97P; Santa Cruz Biotechnology) completely abrogated immunoreactivity (Figure 1B), validating the antibody specificity.

Techniques: Biomarker Discovery, Immunofluorescence, Transfection, Expressing, Blocking Assay

Journal: Neoplasia (New York, N.Y.)

Article Title: CDC25A protein stability represents a previously unrecognized target of HER2 signaling in human breast cancer: implication for a potential clinical relevance in trastuzumab treatment.

doi: 10.1593/neo.122054

Figure Lengend Snippet: Figure 2. (A) HER2 status by FISH and CDC25A expression by IHC in human breast cancer. Representative example of HER2-amplified tumor (FISH HER2 positive): ratio Spectrum Orange–HER2 signals and Spectrum Green–centromere 17 signals > 2; the same case is an example of CDC25A-overexpressing tumor (IHC CDC25A positive): all infiltrating ductal carcinoma cells show strong staining with CDC25A antibody. Representative example of HER2-nonamplified tumor (FISH HER2 negative): ratio Spectrum Orange–HER2 signals and Spectrum Green–centromere 17 signals < 2; the same case is an example of CDC25A-nonexpressing tumor (IHC CDC25A negative): no expression of CDC25A is seen in the infiltrating ductal carcinoma cells. (B) HER2 gene status and CDC25A expression histogram; 63.5% of HER2-positive breast cancer patients showed CDC25A overexpression and 54.4% of patients with HER2-negative breast cancer were negative for CDC25A overexpression. (C and D) CDC25A expression significantly correlates with prognosis. Kaplan-Meier curves showed that overexpression of CDC25A was associated with the decrease of both OS (P = .045) and DFS (P = .032). (E and F) Significative stratification of mortality risk by combinations of HER2 status and CDC25A expression. The group of patients with the highest mortality was the one with HER2/CDC25A double-positive breast carcinomas in terms of either OS (P = .005) or DFS (P = .002; purple curves).

Article Snippet: CDC25A antibody preabsorption testing using the antigenic peptide (CDC25A 144 P sc-97P; Santa Cruz Biotechnology) completely abrogated immunoreactivity (Figure 1B), validating the antibody specificity.

Techniques: Expressing, Amplification, Staining, Over Expression

Journal: Neoplasia (New York, N.Y.)

Article Title: CDC25A protein stability represents a previously unrecognized target of HER2 signaling in human breast cancer: implication for a potential clinical relevance in trastuzumab treatment.

doi: 10.1593/neo.122054

Figure Lengend Snippet: Figure 3. (A) CDC25A expression and HER2 expression/gene amplification in breast cancer cell lines. Immunofluorescence with CDC25A and cERBB2 (Dako) antibodies revealed CDC25A overexpression (nuclear red signal) and HER2 overexpression (cytoplasmic red signal) in SKBR3 cells and basal levels of CDC25A and HER2 overexpression in BT474 cells. Green signal is the immunofluorescence staining of cytokeratin pair 8 and 18 (CK8.18) highlighting the cell cytoplasm; blue signal is DAPI counterstaining for nuclei. FISH analysis showed HER2 amplification (red signals) in SKBR3 and BT474 metaphase spreads. (B) HER2 inhibition induces CDC25A down-regulation of both protein expression and functional activity. Cell lines were treated with AG825 (45 μM) for 24 hours. Control cells were treated with DMSO. Immunoblot data showed a decrease in CDC25A protein levels in HER2/CDC25A double-positive SKBR3 cells treated with AG825. SKBR3 cells showed also a decreased in CDC25A activity after HER2 abrogation as measured by the increase of the inhibitory phosphor- ylation of its CDK substrates, pCDK1/2Y15. No such strong effect was seen in BT474. AG825 treatment could inhibit the kinase activity of HER2 as assessed by a decrease in HER2Y1248 phosphorylation with no effect on total HER2 levels in the HER2-positive cell lines, SKBR3 and BT474. (C) HER2 inhibition affects CDC25A protein stability in SKBR3. SKBR3 cells were treated with the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide (5 μg/ml) at different time points (0, 15, 30, 60, 240, and 360 minutes) in the presence or absence of AG825: Immunoblot data showed that AG825 decreased the half-life of CDC25A protein from 60 to less than 15 minutes. β-Tubulin was used as a load- ing control. (D) Ubiquitin/proteasome pathway is involved in the increased turnover of CDC25A after SKBR3 AG825 treatment. To inhibit proteasome-dependent degradation of proteins, SKBR3 cells, either treated or not with AG825, were incubated with 50 μM proteasome in- hibitor MG132 for 6 hours. CDC25A immunoblot analysis showed that inhibition of the proteasome by treatment with MG132 rescued CDC25A down-regulation. β-Tubulin was used as a loading control. (E) HER2 inhibition leads to CDC25A down-regulation through the PI3K/AKT pathway and DDR activation. Cell lines were treated with AG825 for 24 hours. Control cells were treated with DMSO. Immunoblot data showed, in AG825-treated SKBR3 cells, a decrease in AKT activity, as measured by the decrease in its phosphorylation on serine 473 (pAKTS473) and no reduction of total AKT observed; CHK1 and CHK2 activation, through phosphorylation of their key sites, serine 345 and threonine 68, respectively (pCHK1S345, pCHK2T68), with no effect on total CHK1 and CHK2 levels; and histone H2AX gamma phosphorylation (γH2AX). No differences were observed in BT474 cells either with or without AG825 treatment. β-Tubulin was used as a loading control.

Article Snippet: CDC25A antibody preabsorption testing using the antigenic peptide (CDC25A 144 P sc-97P; Santa Cruz Biotechnology) completely abrogated immunoreactivity (Figure 1B), validating the antibody specificity.

Techniques: Expressing, Amplification, Immunofluorescence, Over Expression, Staining, Inhibition, Functional Assay, Activity Assay, Control, Western Blot, Phospho-proteomics, Ubiquitin Proteomics, Incubation, Activation Assay

Journal: Neoplasia (New York, N.Y.)

Article Title: CDC25A protein stability represents a previously unrecognized target of HER2 signaling in human breast cancer: implication for a potential clinical relevance in trastuzumab treatment.

doi: 10.1593/neo.122054

Figure Lengend Snippet: Figure 4. (A and B) HER2 down-regulation affects both viability and cell death in the CDC25A-overexpressing cell line. SKBR3 and BT474 cells were treated or not with AG825 (45 μM) for 96 hours. Cell viability changes were measured by MTT assay. Results were expressed as mean percentage of cell viability ± SE of six replicates from a representative experiment that was repeated three independent times. HER2 down-regulation resulted in a lower viability of the CDC25A-overexpressing cell line (SKBR3) compared to the CDC25A basal expressing cells (BT474) (A). Cell death was evaluated by immunoblot for cleaved PARP: PARP cleavage was greater in SKBR3 compared to BT474. β-Tubulin was used as a loading control (B). (C and D) CDC25A inhibition by PM-20 induces breast cancer cell death. SKBR3 and BT474 were treated or not with PM-20 (3 μM) for 96 hours. Cell viability changes were measured by MTT assay as performed for HER2 inhibition studies: A marked reduction in SKBR3 viability was observed (C); PM-20 significantly inhibited CDC25A phosphatase activity, as evinced by increased pCDK1/2Y15 levels, and associated to increased apoptotic response, as deduced by increased PARP cleavage. β-Tubulin was used as a loading control (D).

Article Snippet: CDC25A antibody preabsorption testing using the antigenic peptide (CDC25A 144 P sc-97P; Santa Cruz Biotechnology) completely abrogated immunoreactivity (Figure 1B), validating the antibody specificity.

Techniques: MTT Assay, Expressing, Western Blot, Control, Inhibition, Activity Assay

Journal: Neoplasia (New York, N.Y.)

Article Title: CDC25A protein stability represents a previously unrecognized target of HER2 signaling in human breast cancer: implication for a potential clinical relevance in trastuzumab treatment.

doi: 10.1593/neo.122054

Figure Lengend Snippet: Figure 5. Statistically significant correlation between CDC25A overexpression and trastuzumab response. (A) Metastatic cohort of patients. (B) Neoadjuvant cohort of patients. Chi-squared test showed a statistically significant correlation between CDC25A overexpres- sion and trastuzumab response in the metastatic cohort (P = .018), where 90% of patients with CDC25A overexpression showed partial or complete response to trastuzumab, while the 66.7% of CDC25A-negative patients had stable or progressive disease (C). Chi-squared test showed a statistically significant correlation between CDC25A overexpression and trastuzumab response in the neoadjuvant cohort (P = .021), where 100% of patients with CDC25A overexpression showed partial or complete response to trastuzumab (D).

Article Snippet: CDC25A antibody preabsorption testing using the antigenic peptide (CDC25A 144 P sc-97P; Santa Cruz Biotechnology) completely abrogated immunoreactivity (Figure 1B), validating the antibody specificity.

Techniques: Over Expression

Journal: Neoplasia (New York, N.Y.)

Article Title: CDC25A protein stability represents a previously unrecognized target of HER2 signaling in human breast cancer: implication for a potential clinical relevance in trastuzumab treatment.

doi: 10.1593/neo.122054

Figure Lengend Snippet: Figure 6. HER2 inhibition in a CDC25A overexpression context restores the DDR through a PI3K/AKT-dependent mechanism. In CDC25A-positive breast cancer cells, high levels of CDC25A, pushing the cell throughout the cell cycle transition, may induce an impaired DDR machinery, bypassing the DNA damage–induced cell cycle arrest. In HER2/CDC25A double-positive breast cancer cells, such DDR evasion could be enhanced by HER2 through CDC25A stabilization (A). In this context, HER2 down-regulation leads to AKT inhibition that stops its inhibitory action on CHK1/CHK2; the activation of the checkpoint kinases promotes CDC25A degradation and restores the DDR in checkpoint-proficient cells (B).

Article Snippet: CDC25A antibody preabsorption testing using the antigenic peptide (CDC25A 144 P sc-97P; Santa Cruz Biotechnology) completely abrogated immunoreactivity (Figure 1B), validating the antibody specificity.

Techniques: Inhibition, Over Expression, Activation Assay